Examining Shifts in Angola-China Relations in a Time of Crisis (2024)
Abstract
The Angola–China connection has famously been branded a ‘marriage of convenience’—an ‘uneasy alliance’ forged for pragmatic reasons at an opportune time of mutual need. In this article, we document how the relationship has more recently undergone a marital burnout of sorts. Chinese loans to Angola have dried up and most Chinese state-owned enterprises have left, as have 90 percent of Chinese migrants. The legacy of this marriage is somewhat mixed. Much of the infrastructure left behind is of dubious quality, while servicing the Chinese debt incurred to finance these projects may consume up to 10 percent of Angola’s GDP. Drawing on three rounds of fieldwork in Angola and over 60 interviews, we trace the souring of Angola–China ties to three concomitant factors: (i) Angolan internal politics; (ii) Chinese reconfiguration; and (iii) exogenous shifts in the global economy. In doing so, we argue that China and Angola are entering new territory, and that this shift in both parties’ calculations can be usefully illuminated by the concept of ‘strategies of extraversion’. Angola’s elites have once again proven that they are adept at transforming external constraints—this time related to China’s increasing financial caution and domestic recalibration—into new opportunities.
